quantum

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Some very limited notes on quantum computing

what does physics tell us about the limits of computers?
NP - can check soln in polynomial time
NP-hard - if solved, solves every NP
NP-complete - NP hard and in NP
church-turing thesis $\implies$ turing machine polynomial time should be best possible in the universe
- physics could allow us to do better than a turing machine
examples
- glass plates with soapy water - forms minimum steiner tree
- can get stuck in local optimum
- ex. protein folding
- ex. relativity computer
  - leave computer on earth, travel at speed of light for a while, come back and should be done
  - if you want exponential speedup, need to get exponentially close to speed of light (requires exponential energy)
- ex. zeno’s computer - run clock faster (exponentially more cooling = energy)

basics

An n-bit computer has 2^n states and is in one of them with probability 1. You can think of it as having 2^n coefficients, one of which is 0 and the rest of which are 1. Operations on it are multiplying these coefficients by stochastic matrices. Only produces n bits of info.
an n-qubit quantum computer is described by 2^n complex coefficients. The sum of their squares sums to 1. It’s 2^n complex coefficients must be multiplied by unitary matrices (they preserve that the sum of the squares add up to 1.)
Problem: Decoherence – results from interaction with the outside world
Properties:
- Superposition – an object is in more than one state at once
  - Has a percentage of being in both states
- Entanglement – 2 particles behave exactly the opposite – instantly

storing qubits

Fullerenes – naturally found in Precambrian rock, reasonable for storing qubits – can store
- not developed, but some experiments have shown ability to store qubits for milliseconds

applications
- quantum simulation
- also could factor integers in polynomial time (shor 1994)
- scaling up is hard because of decoherence= interaction between cubits and outside world
- error-correcting codes can make it so we can still work with some decoherence
algorithms
- paths that lead to wrong answer - quantum amplitudes cancel each other out
- for right answer, quantum amplitudes in phase (all positive or all negative)
- prime factorization is NP but not NP complete
- unclear that quantum can solve all NP problems
- Grover’s algorithm - with quantum computers, something like you can only use sqrt of number of steps
- adiabatic optimization - like quantum simulated annealing, maybe can solve NP-complete problems
dwave - company made ~2000 cubit machine
- don’t maintain coherence well
- algorithms for NP-complete problems may not work
- hope: quantum tunneling can get past local maximum in polynomial time maybe
  - empircally unclear if this is true
quantum supremacy - getting quantum speedup for something, maybe not something useful

second law of thermodynamics: entropy is always increasing
hot things transfer heat to cold things
- temperature is avg kinetic energy - particles follow a diistribution of temperature
separate 2 samples (one hot, one cold) with insulator
- idea: demon makes all fast particles go to hot side, all slow particles go to slow side - this is against entropy
- demon controls door between the samples
- - demon opens door whenever high temperature particle comes from cold sample, then closes
  - demon opens door for slow particles from hot sample, then closes
problem: demon has to track all the particles (which would generate a lot of heat)